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08 / 09, REFERENCES & STANDARDS

Every claim on the site has a citation. Find them here.

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38 of 38 entries · updated 2026-08-30 · imadethisup.org/references

  1. 001
    Goodfellow, I. et al. (2014). Generative Adversarial Nets. NeurIPS. GAN · arXiv:1406.2661 · NeurIPS proceedings
  2. 002
    Rombach, R., Blattmann, A., Lorenz, D., Esser, P., Ommer, B. (2022). High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models. CVPR. DIFFUSION · arXiv:2112.10752 · CVF
  3. 003
    Rössler, A. et al. (2019). FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images. ICCV. DETECTION · arXiv:1901.08971 · dataset · Discussed in What a deepfake detector score does not tell you
  4. 004
    Wang, S.-Y., Wang, O., Zhang, R., Owens, A., Efros, A. A. (2020). CNN-Generated Images Are Surprisingly Easy to Spot... for Now. CVPR. DETECTION · arXiv:1912.11035 · Discussed in Why deepfake detectors fail on new generators
  5. 005
    Frank, J. et al. (2020). Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognition. ICML. FORENSIC · arXiv:2003.08685 · PMLR v119 · Discussed in Why deepfake detectors fail on new generators
  6. 006
    Ciftci, U. A., Demir, I., Yin, L. (2020). FakeCatcher: Detection of Synthetic Portrait Videos using Biological Signals. IEEE TPAMI. FORENSIC · arXiv:1901.02212 · IEEE Xplore · Discussed in Why deepfake detectors fail on new generators
  7. 007
    Wang, J., Tondi, B., Barni, M. (2022). An Eyes-Based Siamese Neural Network for the Detection of GAN-Generated Face Images. Frontiers in Signal Processing. SEMANTIC · Frontiers Sig. Proc. · Discussed in Why deepfake detectors fail on new generators
  8. 008
    Dolhansky, B. et al. (2020). The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Dataset. arXiv preprint. DATASET · arXiv:2006.07397 · dataset
  9. 009
    Yamagishi, J. et al. (2021). ASVspoof 2021: accelerating progress in spoofed and deepfake speech detection. ASVspoof Workshop / INTERSPEECH. AUDIO · ISCA archive PDF · Discussed in Why deepfake detectors fail on new generators
  10. 010
    Groh, M., Epstein, Z., Firestone, C., Picard, R. (2022). Deepfake detection by human crowds, machines, and machine-informed crowds. PNAS. HUMAN · doi:10.1073/pnas.2110013119 · arXiv:2105.06496
  11. 011
    Fernandez, P., Couairon, G., Jégou, H., Douze, M., Furon, T. (2023). The Stable Signature: Rooting Watermarks in Latent Diffusion Models. ICCV. WATERMARK · arXiv:2303.15435 · Discussed in Why deepfake detectors fail on new generators
  12. 012
    Google DeepMind (2025). SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scale. arXiv preprint. WATERMARK · arXiv:2510.09263 · Discussed in Why deepfake detectors fail on new generators
  13. 013
    Saberi, M. et al. (2023). Robustness of AI-Image Detectors: Fundamental Limits and Practical Attacks. arXiv preprint. ATTACK · arXiv:2310.00076 · Discussed in Why deepfake detectors fail on new generators
  14. 014
    Qiwei, L. et al. (2024). Reporting Non-Consensual Intimate Media: An Audit Study of Deepfakes. arXiv preprint. PERSONAL · arXiv:2409.12138 · Discussed in What the TAKE IT DOWN Act changes
  15. 015
    C2PA (2024). Content Credentials, C2PA Technical Specification 2.1. 20 September 2024. C2PA · spec.c2pa.org HTML · PDF
  16. 016
    C2PA (2025). Content Credentials, C2PA Technical Specification 2.2. 1 May 2025. C2PA · PDF · Explainer
  17. 017
    C2PA (2025). Content Credentials Whitepaper. October 2025. C2PA · PDF
  18. 018
    JPEG Committee (2024). JPEG Trust becomes an International Standard. ISO/IEC 21617, Part 1 (Core Foundation). Berlin, October 2024. JPEG-TRUST · jpeg.org press · JPEG Trust home
  19. 019
    World Standards Cooperation (2024). Standards Collaboration on AI Watermarking, Multimedia Authenticity and Deepfake Detection. STANDARD · WSC announcement
  20. 020
    FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (2024). 2024 Internet Crime Report. IC3 · ic3.gov annual report PDF · Discussed in Deepfake wire fraud in real-estate closings and Follow the money is no longer enough
  21. 021
    FBI / IC3 (2024). PSA241203, Criminals Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Financial Fraud. 3 December 2024. IC3 · ic3.gov PSA · Discussed in Building a deepfake incident-response plan for smaller firms and Investigating fraud when the evidence can be fake
  22. 022
    NSA / FBI / CISA (2023). Cybersecurity Information Sheet, Contextualizing Deepfake Threats to Organizations. 12 September 2023. CISA · defense.gov PDF · CISA alert · Discussed in Building a deepfake incident-response plan for smaller firms
  23. 023
    Federal Communications Commission (2024). Declaratory Ruling FCC 24-17. 8 February 2024. FCC · FCC PDF · FCC press
  24. 024
    European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (2024). ENISA Threat Landscape 2024. ENISA · 2025 edition
  25. 025
    CNN (2024). “Finance worker pays out $25 million after video call with deepfake 'chief financial officer'.” 4 February 2024. NEWS · CNN coverage · Discussed in What the Arup deepfake actually proves
  26. 026
    CNN (2024). “Arup revealed as victim of $25 million deepfake scam involving Hong Kong employee.” 16 May 2024. NEWS · CNN coverage · Discussed in What the Arup deepfake actually proves
  27. 027
    World Economic Forum (2025). “Cybercrime: Lessons learned from a $25m deepfake attack.” February 2025. REPORT · weforum.org · Discussed in What the Arup deepfake actually proves
  28. 028
    Bloomberg (2024). “Ferrari Narrowly Dodges Deepfake Scam Simulating Deal-Hungry CEO.” 26 July 2024. NEWS · Bloomberg coverage · Discussed in What the Arup deepfake actually proves
  29. 029
    LastPass (2024). “Attempted Audio Deepfake Call Targets LastPass Employee.” April 2024. DISCLOSURE · LastPass blog · Discussed in What the Arup deepfake actually proves
  30. 030
    Sophos (2019). Voice-clone CEO fraud at Euler Hermes-insured UK firm, $243K transfer. Wall Street Journal coverage. NEWS · Sophos analysis, archived copy. The original Sophos URL no longer resolves; this is the Internet Archive capture of 19 October 2025.
  31. 031
    United States Senate (2026). S.1837, DEFIANCE Act of 2025. 119th Congress (current). Predecessor S.3696 (118th Cong.) passed Senate 23 July 2024 but did not pass House. DEFIANCE · PENDING, NOT LAW · S.1837 text · S.3696 text · Discussed in What the TAKE IT DOWN Act changes
  32. 032
    United States Senate (2025). S.146, TAKE IT DOWN Act. 119th Congress; signed into law 19 May 2025. TAKE-IT-DOWN · congress.gov · CRS Legal Sidebar · Discussed in What the TAKE IT DOWN Act changes and Deepfakes are reshaping workplace harassment
  33. 033
    Revenge Porn Helpline / SWGfL. StopNCII.org, Stop Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse. SERVICE · stopncii.org · how it works · Discussed in What the TAKE IT DOWN Act changes
  34. 034
    National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. Take It Down, for those who appeared in nude or sexually explicit images taken when under 18. SERVICE · takeitdown.ncmec.org · Discussed in What the TAKE IT DOWN Act changes
  35. 035
    Cyber Civil Rights Initiative. CCRI Safety Center. RESOURCE · cybercivilrights.org
  36. 036
    National Conference of State Legislatures (2024). Deceptive Audio or Visual Media (Deepfakes), 2024 Legislation. TRACKER · ncsl.org · Discussed in What the TAKE IT DOWN Act changes
  37. 037
    Public Citizen (2024–25). Tracker: State Legislation on Intimate Deepfakes. TRACKER · citizen.org · Discussed in Deepfakes are reshaping workplace harassment
  38. 038
    Adobe (2024). Authenticity in the Age of AI, Growing Content Credentials Momentum Across Social Media Platforms, AI Companies and Rising Consumer Awareness. 18 September 2024. CONTENT-CREDS · Adobe blog
Trusted standards bodies, agencies, and labs

Where the primary synthetic-media work lives.

C2PA

Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity

c2pa.org

FBI / IC3

Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internet Crime Complaint Center

ic3.gov

CISA

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency

cisa.gov

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Face Recognition Vendor Test & AISI

nist.gov

ENISA

European Union Agency for Cybersecurity

enisa.europa.eu

JPEG / ISO

JPEG Trust (ISO/IEC 21617) standardisation

jpeg.org/jpegtrust

CCRI

Cyber Civil Rights Initiative

cybercivilrights.org

arXiv

Cornell preprint server, primary source for most CS/ML papers cited here

arxiv.org

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